Naval Intelligence Survey (NIS) Publications The Naval Intelligence Survey (NIS)  publications have  been  discontinued,  and  distribution  is  limited. However, when available, these classified publications are  a  valuable  source  of  information  about  general climatic influences and topographic/oceanic effects on regions from which unclassified data may no longer be available. Miscellaneous Publications The  following  publications  contain  generally  the same  type  of  climatological  information  or  specific data. They have proven to be extremely useful. 1. Climatic Summaries for Major Seventh Fleet Ports and Waters, NAVAIR 50-1C-62. 2. Climatic Summaries of Indian Ocean Ports and Waters, NAVAIR 50-IC-63. 3. A Climatic Resume of the Mediterranean Sea, NAVAIR 50-1C-64. 4. Upper Wind Statistics of the Northern Hemisphere, volumes 1, 2, and 3, NAVAIR 50-1C-535. 5. Marine  Climatic  Guide  to  Tropical  Storms  at Sea, NAVAIR 50-IC-61. 6. Sea Ice Climatic Atlases, volume 1, Antarctic, NAVAIR 50-1C-540. Volume 2, Arctic East, NAVAIR 50-IC-541. Volume 3, Arctic West, NAVAIR 50-1C-542. CLIMATOLOGICAL SERVICES Requests for climatic support should be made to the Meteorology Oceanography Facility or Center in your chain  of  command.   Requests  that  cannot  be  fulfilled are forwarded to: Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Facility Asheville, NC 28801-5014 Additional Climatic Sources In addition to navy climatic publications, there are other sources for air/ocean climatology data, which are available   to   the   Aerographer’s   Mate   for   preparing climatic studies. They are as follows:   The Warfighting Support Center (WSC), Stennis Space   Center   Mississippi,   provides   oceanographic support.    Available  data  includes  tides,  currents,  and water structure, etc.   The    Air    Weather    Service    Environmental Technical Application Center (ETAC) provides climatic information for Air Force operations. However, data produced by ETAC can be used for naval applications. A listing of climatology studies available from the Air Weather Service can be found in Index of Air Weather Service Technical Publications (AWS/TI-84/00  1).  Requests  for  Air  Weather  Service publications   must   be   made   to   Commander,   Naval Meteorology Oceanography Command, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi. INTERPRETATION Climatological records must be interpreted correctly   to   gain   the   needed   information.   Proper interpretation  requires  that  all  of  the  meteorological elements   be   studied   so   they   present   a   composite picture.  One  meteorological  element  alone  may  mean very little. For instance, it is possible to conclude that Cairo, Egypt, and Galveston, Texas, has about the same kind of weather based solely on the temperature, since the  yearly  and  monthly  means  and  annual  range  are approximately the same. However, Galveston has about 40  times  as  much  precipitation.  Thus,  their  weather conditions over the year differ greatly. To    interpret    just    one    meteorological    element requires  a  study  of  several  factors.  For  example,  the temperature  of  a  particular  locality  must  be  studied from the standpoint not only of the mean but also of the extremes   and   the   diurnal   and   annual   ranges.   The effectiveness  of  precipitation  also  depends  on  several factors, such as amount, distribution, and evaporation. The  mean  precipitation  for  a  particular  month  for  a locality may be several inches, but the interpreter may find from a study of the locality’s records that in some years  the  precipitation  for  that  month  is  less  than  an inch, possibly not even a trace. APPLICATION TO WEATHER PREDICTION Climatology    is    introduced    where    operational planning  is  required  for  a  length  of  time  beyond  the range  covered  by  weather-forecasting  techniques.  A study  of  the  climate  of  an  area  or  region  may  well foretell the general weather pattern to be expected. Both    the    experienced    and    the    inexperienced forecaster  and  assistant  forecaster  can  make  a  more direct   application   of   climatology.   Those   personnel 6-16