semiarid. The western mountain range, which acts as a
climatic barrier, has an extreme drying effect on the air
in the westerly circulation.
Maximum rainfall occurs in the spring and is due
mainly to the predominance of cyclonic storm passages
during this season. In midwinter a cold high is
generally centered in this region which prevents the
possibility of storm passages. Annual precipitation is
normally light.
Southwest Desert and Mountain Area
The southwest desert and mountain area includes
Lower California and some of southeast California as
well as the southern portions of Arizona, New Mexico,
and Texas. It is an area almost completely surrounded
by high mountains and is either very arid or actual
desert. Annual rainfall seldom exceeds 5 inches. The
more northerly sections have cold winters, and all parts
have extremely hot summers. The chief flying hazard
results from a predominance of summer and spring
thunderstorms caused mainly by maritime tropical air
being forced aloft at the mountains. For this reason
nearly
all
significant
peaks
and
ranges
have
thundershowers building over them in the spring and
summer. The thunderstorms are generally scattered and
are almost always severe; however, pilots can usually
avoid them by circumnavigating them.
Central Plains Area
The Central Plains area includes the continental
climate regions of the Great Plains, Mississippi Valley,
and
Appalachian
Plateau
between
the
Rocky
Mountains to the west, the Appalachians to the east,
and the Gulf States to the south. The western section is
generally drier than the eastern section. Wintertime
outbreaks and associated wave phenomena along polar
fronts cause the main weather hazards. Convective
air-mass thunderstorms, which are prevalent over this
area in summer, also pose a threat to flying.
Frontal passages, both cold and warm, and
associated
weather
is
common
in
this
area.
Thunderstorms are usually of convective origin and are
most violent if they have developed in maritime tropical
air. This occurs often in the spring, and tornado activity
becomes a climatic feature due to its frequency.
Southeast and Gulf States Area
The southeast and Gulf States area includes all the
states bordering on the Gulf of Mexico as well as South
Carolina and Georgia. Stagnating southbound cold
fronts,
rapidly
moving
squall
lines,
air-mass
thunderstorms, and stratus clouds occur in various
combinations to make this area an especially complex
one for the forecaster.
Frontal passages can be expected only in the late
fall,
winter,
and
early
spring.
A
circulation
phenomenon known as gulf stratus affects this area. In
the winter, when the circulation near the surface is
southerly, the warm, moist gulf air is cooled from below
to saturation. When this occurs, fog and the gulf stratus
may form and may persist over the area for several
days. The southerly circulation in summer causes
warm, moist air to be heated from below, and
convective thunderstorms are common. Since the air is
generally quite moist and unstable, these storms are
generally severe.
North Atlantic Coastal Area
The North Atlantic coastal area is an area of storm
track convergence, and cyclonic storm activity is
frequent in winter. Moreover, the heating and addition
of moisture to the air intensify these storms over the
Great Lakes. The lake effect is directly accountable for
the large amounts of snowfall often found over this area
in the winter. Generally good weather prevails in
summer due to the predominant influence of the
Bermuda high.
EUROPEAN WEATHER
Most of Europe has a relatively mild climate, which
is largely due to its oceanic exposure to the north, west,
and south. The east-west orientation of the mountains
in Europe normally prevents extremely cold arctic air
from penetrating southward to the Mediterranean. As a
result, very cold weather is limited to the northern
limits. The southern coast and Mediterranean countries
enjoy moderate temperatures year round because
relatively warm maritime air masses move inland from
the Atlantic and because of the moderating influence of
the Mediterranean Sea. However, this inflow of
maritime
air
also
brings
frequent
cloudiness,
considerable precipitation, and high humidity.
When continental air masses dominate, Europe is
subjected to low-temperature extremes, low humidity,
and clear skies much the same as North America. This
is especially true north of the Alpine Mountains. South
of this region, somewhat normal migratory patterns do
exist. The end result is relatively dry summers and wet
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