CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF METEOROLOGY
EARTH-SUN RELATIONSHIP
Solar Composition
Solar Prominences/Filaments
EARTH
Solstices and Equinoxes
Figure 1-4.Revolution of Earth around the sun
Figure 1-5.Electromagnetic spectrum
Depletion of Solar Radiation
RADIATION (HEAT) BALANCE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Figure 1-7.Radiation balance in the atmosphere.
Vertical Distribution - 14312_22
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Table 1-2 Temperature Conversion Scale
Vertical Distribution - 14312_25
Meteorological Classification
Electrical Classification
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
Pressure (Daltons Law)
Relative Humidity
Mixing Ratio
Chapter 2 Atmospheric Physics
Newtons First Law
Composition of Forces
Application of Vectors and Resultant Forces
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Liquid to Solid and Vice Versa
Liquid to Gas and Vice Versa
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
CHARLES LAW
EQUATION OF STATE
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY
THE ADIABATIC PROCESS
STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
Lapse Rates
DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE
Types of Stability
STABILITY
Equilibrium of Saturated Air
Conditional Instability
Autoconvection
Determining Bases of Convective Type Clouds
Stability in Relation to Cloud Type
SUMMARY - 14312_55
CHAPTER 3 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
14312_58
Figure 3-2B.Mean world temperature for July.
Figure 3-3B.Mean world pressure for July.
PRESSURE OVER THE GLOBE
WORLD WINDS
WIND THEORY
Figure 3-7.Horizontal pressure gradient.
Pressure Gradient Force
WIND TYPES
Figure 3-11.Development cycle of a geostrophic wind.
Movement of Wind around Cyclones
Variations
SECONDARY CIRCULATION
CENTERS OF ACTION
MIGRATORY SYSTEMS
Cyclones
VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE systems
VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEMS
TERTIARY CIRCULATION
Figure 3-23.Northeast monsoon (January).
LAND AND SEA BREEZES
WINDS DUE TO LOCAL COOLING AND HEATING - 14312_79
Winds Due to Local Cooling and Heating - 14312_80
Figure 3-27.Mountain breeze or katabatic wind
Eddies
Turbulence - 14312_83
Figure 3-31.Schematic diagram showing airflow and clouds in a mountain wave.
Foehn Winds
CHAPTER 4 AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
AIR MASS SOURCE REGIONS
Characteristics of Air Masses
AIR MASS CLASSIFICATION
AIR MASS MODIFICATION
Topography of Surface
WORLD AIR MASSES
Figure 4-6.cP air moving southward.
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Pacific in Winter
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Pacific in Winter
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Atlantic in Winter
Figure 4-12.mT air moving northeastward.
NORTH AMERICAN AIR MASSES, TRAJECTORIES, AND WEATHER (SUMMER)
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Pacific in Summer
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Atlantic in Summer
Continental Tropical (cT) Air in Summer
Figure 4-19.Properties of significant air masses over North America from the standpoint of flying
AIR MASSES OVER EUROPE
AIR MASSES IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
FRONTS
RELATION OF FRONTS TO AIR MASSES AND CYCLONES
RELATION OF FRONTS TO CYCLONES
Unstable Waves
FRONTOGENESIS AND FRONTOLYSIS
CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR FRONTOLYSIS
14312_112
Temperature - 14312_113
Wind - 14312_114
Figure 4-29.Vertical distribution of wind direction in the vicinity of frontal surfaces.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONTS
THE COLD FRONT
Surface Characteristics
FAST-MOVING COLD FRONTS (INACTIVE COLD FRONT)
Weather - 14312_120
COLD FRONTS ALOFT
INSTABILITY AND SQUALL LINES
SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS - 14312_123
WEATHER - 14312_124
THE OCCLUDED FRONTS
COLD OCCLUSIONS
Surface Characteristics - 14312_127
WARM OCCLUSIONS
THE QUASI-STATIONARY FRONT
CHARACTERISTICS
MODIFICATIONS OF FRONTS
EFFECTS CAUSED BY MOVEMENT
Figure 4-45.Orographic effects on a warm front.
Warm Fronts
Figure 4-47.Stages in the development of a secondary wave cyclone.
EFFECTS OF UNDERLYING SURFACES
CHAPTER 5 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA
PRECIPITATION THEORY
OTHER HYDROMETEORS - CONTINUED
CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
Species
Fog
RADIATION FOG
14312_144
ADVECTION FOG
Dew
Glaze (Clear Icing)
LITHOMETEORS
PHOTOMETEORS - 14312_149
Theory
REFLECTION
REFRACTION - 14312_152
ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL PHENOMENA
THUNDERSTORMS
CUMULUS STAGE
Thunderstorm Weather
Classifications
LIGHTNING
AURORAS
CHAPTER 6 CLIMATOLOGY AND WORLD WEATHER
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
PRECIPITATION
AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS
Standard Deviation
CLIMATIC TYPES
CLIMATIC CONTROLS
Figure 6-2.Kppens climatic types
LATITUDE
LAND AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
Effects on the West Coasts
CLIMATIC FACTORS
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
CLIMATOLOGICAL REFERENCES
CLIMATOLOGICAL SERVICES
OCEANIC WEATHER
Figure 6-7.Percentage of reflected radiation
North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans
Air-Mass Weather
ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC WEATHER
Arctic Weather
ARCTIC FRONTS
ARCTIC WEATHER PECULIARITIES
Antarctic Weather
Northwest Pacific Coast Area
Southwest Desert and Mountain Area
SOUTH AMERICAN WEATHER
AFRICAN WEATHER
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND WEATHER
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_191
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_192
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_193
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_194
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_195
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_196
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_197
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_198
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_199
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_200
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_201
Appendix II Answers - 14312_203
Appendix II Answers - 14312_204
Appendix II Answers - 14312_205
Appendix II Answers - 14312_206
Appendix II Answers - 14312_207
Appendix II Answers - 14312_208
Assignment Questions - 14312_215
Assignment Questions - 14312_217
Assignment Questions - 14312_218
Assignment Questions - 14312_219
Assignment Questions - 14312_220
Assignment Questions - 14312_221
Assignment Questions - 14312_222
Assignment Questions - 14312_223
Assignment Questions - 14312_224
Assignment Questions - 14312_225
Assignment Questions - 14312_226
Assignment Questions - 14312_227
Assignment Questions - 14312_228
Assignment Questions - 14312_229
Assignment Questions - 14312_230
Assignment Questions - 14312_231
Assignment Questions - 14312_232
Assignment Questions - 14312_233
Assignment Questions - 14312_234
Assignment Questions - 14312_235
Assignment Questions - 14312_236
Assignment Questions - 14312_237
Assignment Questions - 14312_238
Assignment Questions - 14312_239
Assignment Questions - 14312_240
Assignment Questions - 14312_241
Assignment Questions - 14312_242
Assignment Questions - 14312_243
Assignment Questions - 14312_244
Assignment Questions - 14312_245
Assignment Questions - 14312_246
Assignment Questions - 14312_247
Assignment Questions - 14312_248
Assignment Questions - 14312_249
Assignment Questions - 14312_250
Assignment Questions - 14312_251
Assignment Questions - 14312_252
EARTH-SUN RELATIONSHIP
Solar Composition
Solar Prominences/Filaments
EARTH
Solstices and Equinoxes
Figure 1-4.Revolution of Earth around the sun
Figure 1-5.Electromagnetic spectrum
Depletion of Solar Radiation
RADIATION (HEAT) BALANCE IN THE ATMOSPHERE
Figure 1-7.Radiation balance in the atmosphere.
Vertical Distribution - 14312_22
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Table 1-2 Temperature Conversion Scale
Vertical Distribution - 14312_25
Meteorological Classification
Electrical Classification
ATMOSPHERIC MOISTURE
Pressure (Daltons Law)
Relative Humidity
Mixing Ratio
Chapter 2 Atmospheric Physics
Newtons First Law
Composition of Forces
Application of Vectors and Resultant Forces
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Liquid to Solid and Vice Versa
Liquid to Gas and Vice Versa
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
CHARLES LAW
EQUATION OF STATE
ATMOSPHERIC ENERGY
THE ADIABATIC PROCESS
STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
Lapse Rates
DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE
Types of Stability
STABILITY
Equilibrium of Saturated Air
Conditional Instability
Autoconvection
Determining Bases of Convective Type Clouds
Stability in Relation to Cloud Type
SUMMARY - 14312_55
CHAPTER 3 ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION
14312_58
Figure 3-2B.Mean world temperature for July.
Figure 3-3B.Mean world pressure for July.
PRESSURE OVER THE GLOBE
WORLD WINDS
WIND THEORY
Figure 3-7.Horizontal pressure gradient.
Pressure Gradient Force
WIND TYPES
Figure 3-11.Development cycle of a geostrophic wind.
Movement of Wind around Cyclones
Variations
SECONDARY CIRCULATION
CENTERS OF ACTION
MIGRATORY SYSTEMS
Cyclones
VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE systems
VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF LOW-PRESSURE SYSTEMS
TERTIARY CIRCULATION
Figure 3-23.Northeast monsoon (January).
LAND AND SEA BREEZES
WINDS DUE TO LOCAL COOLING AND HEATING - 14312_79
Winds Due to Local Cooling and Heating - 14312_80
Figure 3-27.Mountain breeze or katabatic wind
Eddies
Turbulence - 14312_83
Figure 3-31.Schematic diagram showing airflow and clouds in a mountain wave.
Foehn Winds
CHAPTER 4 AIR MASSES AND FRONTS
AIR MASS SOURCE REGIONS
Characteristics of Air Masses
AIR MASS CLASSIFICATION
AIR MASS MODIFICATION
Topography of Surface
WORLD AIR MASSES
Figure 4-6.cP air moving southward.
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Pacific in Winter
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Pacific in Winter
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Atlantic in Winter
Figure 4-12.mT air moving northeastward.
NORTH AMERICAN AIR MASSES, TRAJECTORIES, AND WEATHER (SUMMER)
Maritime Polar (mP) Air Pacific in Summer
Maritime Tropical (mT) Air Atlantic in Summer
Continental Tropical (cT) Air in Summer
Figure 4-19.Properties of significant air masses over North America from the standpoint of flying
AIR MASSES OVER EUROPE
AIR MASSES IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE
FRONTS
RELATION OF FRONTS TO AIR MASSES AND CYCLONES
RELATION OF FRONTS TO CYCLONES
Unstable Waves
FRONTOGENESIS AND FRONTOLYSIS
CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR FRONTOLYSIS
14312_112
Temperature - 14312_113
Wind - 14312_114
Figure 4-29.Vertical distribution of wind direction in the vicinity of frontal surfaces.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRONTS
THE COLD FRONT
Surface Characteristics
FAST-MOVING COLD FRONTS (INACTIVE COLD FRONT)
Weather - 14312_120
COLD FRONTS ALOFT
INSTABILITY AND SQUALL LINES
SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS - 14312_123
WEATHER - 14312_124
THE OCCLUDED FRONTS
COLD OCCLUSIONS
Surface Characteristics - 14312_127
WARM OCCLUSIONS
THE QUASI-STATIONARY FRONT
CHARACTERISTICS
MODIFICATIONS OF FRONTS
EFFECTS CAUSED BY MOVEMENT
Figure 4-45.Orographic effects on a warm front.
Warm Fronts
Figure 4-47.Stages in the development of a secondary wave cyclone.
EFFECTS OF UNDERLYING SURFACES
CHAPTER 5 ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA
PRECIPITATION THEORY
OTHER HYDROMETEORS - CONTINUED
CLOUD CLASSIFICATION
Species
Fog
RADIATION FOG
14312_144
ADVECTION FOG
Dew
Glaze (Clear Icing)
LITHOMETEORS
PHOTOMETEORS - 14312_149
Theory
REFLECTION
REFRACTION - 14312_152
ATMOSPHERIC OPTICAL PHENOMENA
THUNDERSTORMS
CUMULUS STAGE
Thunderstorm Weather
Classifications
LIGHTNING
AURORAS
CHAPTER 6 CLIMATOLOGY AND WORLD WEATHER
CLIMATIC ELEMENTS
PRECIPITATION
AVERAGE AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS
Standard Deviation
CLIMATIC TYPES
CLIMATIC CONTROLS
Figure 6-2.Kppens climatic types
LATITUDE
LAND AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
Effects on the West Coasts
CLIMATIC FACTORS
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA
AVAILABILITY OF DATA
CLIMATOLOGICAL REFERENCES
CLIMATOLOGICAL SERVICES
OCEANIC WEATHER
Figure 6-7.Percentage of reflected radiation
North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans
Air-Mass Weather
ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC WEATHER
Arctic Weather
ARCTIC FRONTS
ARCTIC WEATHER PECULIARITIES
Antarctic Weather
Northwest Pacific Coast Area
Southwest Desert and Mountain Area
SOUTH AMERICAN WEATHER
AFRICAN WEATHER
AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND WEATHER
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_191
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_192
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_193
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_194
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_195
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_196
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_197
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_198
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_199
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_200
Appendix I Glossary - 14312_201
Appendix II Answers - 14312_203
Appendix II Answers - 14312_204
Appendix II Answers - 14312_205
Appendix II Answers - 14312_206
Appendix II Answers - 14312_207
Appendix II Answers - 14312_208
Assignment Questions - 14312_215
Assignment Questions - 14312_217
Assignment Questions - 14312_218
Assignment Questions - 14312_219
Assignment Questions - 14312_220
Assignment Questions - 14312_221
Assignment Questions - 14312_222
Assignment Questions - 14312_223
Assignment Questions - 14312_224
Assignment Questions - 14312_225
Assignment Questions - 14312_226
Assignment Questions - 14312_227
Assignment Questions - 14312_228
Assignment Questions - 14312_229
Assignment Questions - 14312_230
Assignment Questions - 14312_231
Assignment Questions - 14312_232
Assignment Questions - 14312_233
Assignment Questions - 14312_234
Assignment Questions - 14312_235
Assignment Questions - 14312_236
Assignment Questions - 14312_237
Assignment Questions - 14312_238
Assignment Questions - 14312_239
Assignment Questions - 14312_240
Assignment Questions - 14312_241
Assignment Questions - 14312_242
Assignment Questions - 14312_243
Assignment Questions - 14312_244
Assignment Questions - 14312_245
Assignment Questions - 14312_246
Assignment Questions - 14312_247
Assignment Questions - 14312_248
Assignment Questions - 14312_249
Assignment Questions - 14312_250
Assignment Questions - 14312_251
Assignment Questions - 14312_252
