CHAPTER  5 PLOTTING RADIOLOGICAL FALLOUT AND CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION COVERAGE INTRODUCTION In military warfare operations, nuclear, biological, and  chemical  (NBC)  weapons  may  be  employed  by either  friendly  or  opposing  forces  with  little  warning. Marine  Corps  observers  are  the  personnel  that  are primarily  concerned  with  plotting  nuclear  fallout  and chemical contamination areas ashore. However, due to the large number of Naval installations ashore and the increasing  emphasis  on  joint  operations  between  Army, Air   Force,   Marine,   Special   Operations,   and   Naval forces, naval weather observers must be familiar with plotting and predicting fallout and dispersion patterns for nuclear and chemical weapons both ashore and at sea. Biological weapons are of concern to Navy and Marine Corps operations, but the contamination hazard from  these  weapons  depends  on  the  methods  used  to deliver   the   agent.   Biological   agents   are   also   very difficult to detect or predict. NATO NBC REPORTING SYSTEM LEARNING   OBJECTIVES:   Identify   the publication  that  governs  the  NATO  nuclear, biological,   and   chemical   (NBC)   warfare prediction  and  warning  system.  Identify  the types  of  reports  used  in  the  NATO  NBC prediction and warning system. Recognize the differences between NBC messages relating to ground  forces  and  NBC  messages  relating  to Naval  forces. The Allied Tactical Publication No. 45 (ATP-45), Reporting   Nuclear   Detonations.   Biological   and Chemical   Attacks,   and   Predicting   and   Warning   of Associated Hazards and Hazard Areas, covers in detail the procedures used by NATO forces to report nuclear, biological,  or  chemical  weapons  employment,  and  to estimate  hazards  associated  with  these  weapons.  The publication  also  provides  detailed  information  on calculating   and   plotting   nuclear,   chemical,   and biological hazard areas. In the NATO system, six types of messages are used to  report  and  track  hazards  associated  with  NBC weapons: NBC 1 (NUC, BIO, or CHEM)—initial report of NBC weapons use. NBC  2  (NUC,  BIO,  or  CHEM)—follow-up report of evaluated data. NBC   3   (NUC,   BIO,   or   CHEM)—effective downwind message. NBC 4 (NUC, BIO, or CHEM)—survey results. NBC 5 (NUC, BIO, or CHEM)—report of areas with contamination. NBC   6   (NUC,   BIO,   or   CHEM)—report   of details of chemical or biological attack. When   these   messages   are   originated   by   Naval Forces,  or  composed  specifically  for  transmission  to Naval  Forces,  the  abbreviation  NAV  precedes  the  report title, such as NAV NBC 3 NUC.   Naval NBC messages use  geographical  coordinates  for  locations,  nautical miles  for  distances,  true  degrees  for  directions,  and knots  for  speeds.  Ground  forces,  however,  report  all positions   in   (UTM)   coordinates,   distances   in kilometers, directions in degrees or mils (see Appendix V), and speeds in kilometers per hour. All times are in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). You must be able to  convert  between  the  systems  of  coordinates  and measurements, as explained earlier in AG module 1. PLOTTING   RADIOLOGICAL FALLOUT LEARNING   OBJECTIVES:  Plot   nuclear hazard areas by using information in either an effective downwind forecast (EDF) or an actual NATO nuclear detonation effective downwind message (EDM). Identify the different types of nuclear  bursts. Radiological fallout patterns may be plotted using two types of products.  In advance of any nuclear attack, a nuclear effective downwind forecast (EDF) provides general information to determine where and how far the 5-1