Table 5.3.-Relation of Maximum Positive Departure toThunderstorm TurbulenceOBSERVATION OF SEVERE WEATHERFEATURES USING DOPPLER RADARDoppler radar (WSR - 88D) is proving to be a boonto the forecasting of severe weather features, such aswind shear, turbulence, and microbursts. For adiscussion of these topics, refer to the FederalMeteorological Handbook No. 11, Doppler RadarMeteorological Observations, Part D, as well aschapter 12 of this manual.SUMMARYIn this chapter we first discussed phenomenaassociated with thunderstorms; and then followed witha discussion of associated hazards aloft and at thesurface.Methods used in the forecasting ofthunderstorm movement and intensity were discussed.Following the discussion of thunderstorms, we coveredtornadoes, tornado types, and waterspouts. A discussionon fog formation, types of fog, conditions necessary forvarious types of fog, and the use of the Skew T Log PDiagram in determining various fog parameters werepresented. Next, we covered the processes involved inaircraft icing, intensities of icing, icing hazards near thesurface, and aloft. Operational aspects of aircraft icingwere then discussed, followed by types of icing andicing intensity forecasts. The last topics presented wereturbulence characteristics, classification and intensities,the forecasting of turbulence near the surface, in-cloud,and CAT, as well as a discussion of the benefits ofDoppler radar in forecasting turbulence.5-39
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