cold column are closer than the ones in the warm
column. Figure 3-17 shows an increase in thickness
between two pressure surfaces, resulting in an increase
in mean virtual temperature. Note the increase in the
distance between the constant pressure surfaces; P, P1,
etc., from column A to column B.
Using the
hypsometric equation can derive the thickness value
between two pressure surfaces. Thickness may also be
determined from tables, graphs, etc.
VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF HIGH PRESSURE
SYSTEMS
The
topographic
features
that
indicate
the
circulation patterns at 500 millibars in the atmosphere
correspond in general to those at lower and higher level.
However, they may experience a shift in location as
well as a change in intensity and shape. For example, a
ridge aloft may reflect a closed high on a surface
synoptic chart. In addition, upper air circulation
patterns may take on a wavelike structure in contrast to
the alternate closed lows, or closed high patterns at the
surface level. The smoothing of the circulation pattern
aloft is typical of atmospheric flow patterns.
Cold Core Highs
A cold core high is one in which the temperatures
on a horizontal plane decrease toward the center.
Because the temperature in the center of a cold core
high is less than toward the outside of the system, it
follows that the vertical spacing of isobars in the center
of this system is closer together than on the outside.
Although the pressure at the center of these systems on
the surface may be high, the pressure decreases rapidly
with height. (See fig. 3-18.) Because these highs are
often quite shallow, it is common for an upper level low
to exist above a cold core high.
NOTE: For the purpose of illustration, figures 3-18
through 3-21 are exaggerated with respect to actual
atmospheric conditions.
If the cold core high becomes subjected to warming
from below and to subsidence from aloft, as it moves
southward from its source and spreads out, it
diminishes rapidly in intensity with time (unless some
dynamic effect sets in aloft over the high to compensate
for the warming). Since these highs decrease in
intensity with height, thickness is relatively low. In the
vertical, cold core highs slope toward colder air aloft.
Anticyclones found in Arctic air are always cold cored,
while anticyclones in polar air may be warm or cold
core.
Examples of cold core highs are the North
American High, the Siberian High and the migratory
highs that originate from these anticyclones.
Warm Core Highs
A warm core high is one in which the temperatures
on a horizontal level increase toward the center.
Because the temperatures in the center of a warm core
high are higher than on the outside of the system, it
follows that the vertical spacing of isobars in the center
is farther apart than toward the outside of the high. For
this reason, a warm core high increases in intensity with
altitude and has an anticyclonic circulation at all levels
(see fig. 3-19). From a vertical view, warm core highs
slope toward warmer air aloft. A warm core high is
accompanied by a high cold tropopause. Since the
pressure surfaces are spaced far apart, the tropopause is
reached only at great heights. The temperature
continues to decrease with elevation and is cold by the
3-18
AG5f0317
H IS THE INCREASE IN THICKNESS BETWEEN
TWO GIVEN PRESSURE SURFACES FOR AN
INCREASE IN MEAN VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE
FROM TA TO TB. TB IS A HIGHER MEAN
VIRTUAL TEMPERATURE THAN TA.
P5
P5
P4
TB P3
P2
P1
P
P4
TA P3
P2
P1
P
COLD
A
WARM
B
H
H
H
Figure 3-17.Thickness of two strata as a function of means
virtual temperature.
600MB
600MB
700MB
700MB
800MB
800MB
900MB
900MB
1000MB
1000MB
H
L
AG5f0318
Figure 3-18.Cold core high.